{"id":34607,"date":"2023-10-10T08:22:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-10T08:22:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.open-up.ch\/interspecies-etiquette-communicating-with-animals\/"},"modified":"2023-10-17T13:40:30","modified_gmt":"2023-10-17T13:40:30","slug":"interspecies-etiquette-communicating-with-animals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.open-up.ch\/en\/interspecies-etiquette-communicating-with-animals\/","title":{"rendered":"Interspecies etiquette: communicating with animals"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"34607\" class=\"elementor elementor-34607 elementor-34523\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0fc1cba left right elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0fc1cba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6c33fa1\" data-id=\"6c33fa1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f759a7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f759a7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1126\" src=\"https:\/\/www.open-up.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/interspezies-knigge.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-34525\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.open-up.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/interspezies-knigge.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/www.open-up.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/interspezies-knigge-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.open-up.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/interspezies-knigge-1024x601.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.open-up.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/interspezies-knigge-768x450.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.open-up.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/interspezies-knigge-1536x901.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6b46a43 elementor-section-full_width left right headf elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6b46a43\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3748fa\" data-id=\"e3748fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa8a5e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa8a5e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>10.10.2023|<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Interspecies etiquette: communicating with animals<\/strong><\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-18c8e70 elementor-section-full_width left right elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"18c8e70\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0bb7fc7\" data-id=\"0bb7fc7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e0e51c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e0e51c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>When we think of communication, most people think of communication between humans. But with the ever-increasing media focus on the expansion of human habitat and the associated decline in biodiversity, our interactions with non-human living beings are becoming something even we city dwellers have to think about. But what etiquette should we observe when communicating with our counterparts in the animal kingdom?<\/strong><\/p><p>In the summer, while hiking, I met a cow. I call her Daisy. My friend and I were about to eat when we heard the tinkling of her bell, and there was Daisy standing next to us. Curious, she inspected our backpacks and sniffed the food my friend had put out for her dog. Daisy stuck out her tongue and grimaced. She didn\u2019t like the dog food.<\/p><p>Daisy also eyed us intensely. We had sought refuge when she turned up, my friend with the growling dog under a distant tree and me a little closer on a rise.<\/p><p>Daisy looked at me with challenging eyes, as if to say: <em>Is that all you have?<\/em><\/p><p>I spoke to her and waved. But that didn\u2019t satisfy her. After a while, she moved a few steps away from our picnic site, turned her backside towards me, demonstratively let drop a cow pat and went on her way.<\/p><p><strong>Kinship with all living beings<\/strong><\/p><p>According to Duden, the verb to communicate was borrowed in the 18th century from the Latin <em>communis<\/em>. It means \u201ccommon to all\u201d. I\u2019m fascinated by the word\u2019s origin. It implies that communicating is also the basis for community or kinship. If I communicate with someone, I\u2019m their kin or part of their community.<\/p><p>For a long time, this kinship only extended to other humans. But ever since the Anthropocene, the age of human influence on the climate and the earth, it has also included non-human living beings and our environment.<\/p><p><strong>Communicating with respect<\/strong><\/p><p>Communicating can be problematic if the other being is an animal. Other species have different senses and a different approach to the world. Cows, for example, are equipped with a vomeronasal organ in the palate that makes their sense of smell very sensitive to impressions that humans don\u2019t perceive at all. Dog food, for instance, takes on a meaning for Daisy that I can\u2019t relate to.<\/p><p>In his 2022 book An Immense World, science journalist Ed Yong shows that human influence on the perceptual worlds of other species is becoming more and more widespread. He pleads for respectful interaction.<\/p><p>But what exactly does respect mean in this context? And how can I communicate it? These are difficult questions and misunderstandings are inevitable. But if we humans adopt an open attitude towards other needs, we can start to get to grips with interspecies etiquette.<\/p><p><strong>Interspecies etiquette<\/strong><\/p><p>Ingredients for respectful communication with non-human beings are:<\/p><p>1. Curiosity: We can deduce the motivation of another animal by carefully observing body language. Often, as in the case of Daisy, the other creature also meets us with curiosity.<\/p><p>2. Respect: The other creature must feel noticed and taken seriously. By giving them space and behaving in a restrained manner, I signal to them that there\u2019s room for manoeuvre.<\/p><p>3. Patience: Other species move at a different pace and with different senses. It\u2019s important not to overwhelm the other creature.<\/p><p>4. Non-threat: I am not the only potential threat to the animal. Other disturbing factors, such as an approaching car or a barking dog, could also frighten it. So it makes sense to keep an eye on the situation and create a safe environment.<\/p><p>5. Trust: If we take the time and turn the encounter into more than just a fleeting contact, we can build trust across species boundaries.<\/p><p><strong>Reflection<\/strong><\/p><p>Since the hike I\u2019ve been thinking a lot about the experience with Daisy. The encounter between the three species could have had a different outcome. For example, instead of sniffing cautiously, Daisy could have trampled over our belongings, especially as she found the dog food disgusting and I didn\u2019t provide her with the entertainment she was hoping for. Or the dog, afraid of cows, could have barked aggressively at Daisy. Or we two humans could have misunderstood Daisy\u2019s curiosity and made off. The closer encounter would never have happened.<\/p><p>Instead, a moment arose in which all four of us engaged with each other through careful glances, cautious sniffs and well-meaning words. In the end we parted amicably, even though Daisy made it clear that this was her territory. Her cow pat was a minor provocation, but I imagine her respectfully stepping away from our picnic site as more of a mischievous grin or wink between humans. So if we allow it to happen and engage in communication with non-human animals, the possibility for humour even arises.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c59e828 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c59e828\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1440\" height=\"1920\" src=\"https:\/\/www.open-up.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/kuhfladen.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-34547\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.open-up.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/kuhfladen.jpg 1440w, https:\/\/www.open-up.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/kuhfladen-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.open-up.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/kuhfladen-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.open-up.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/kuhfladen-1152x1536.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e990640 elementor-section-full_width left right elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e990640\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66753d0\" data-id=\"66753d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02b174c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"02b174c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.open-up.ch\/en\/team\/%e1%8e%97-karen-jent\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.open-up.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/kj-portraet-neu-220106-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-34531\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c712e0c\" data-id=\"c712e0c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1111383 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1111383\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>About the author<\/strong><\/p><p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml><br \/>\n<o:DocumentProperties><br \/>\n<o:Version>16.00<\/o:Version><br \/>\n<\/o:DocumentProperties><br \/>\n<\/xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml><br \/>\n<w:WordDocument><br \/>\n<w:View>Normal<\/w:View><br \/>\n<w:Zoom>0<\/w:Zoom><br \/>\n<w:TrackMoves\/><br \/>\n<w:TrackFormatting\/><br \/>\n<w:HyphenationZone>21<\/w:HyphenationZone><br \/>\n<w:PunctuationKerning\/><br \/>\n<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas\/><br \/>\n<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false<\/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid><br \/>\n<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false<\/w:IgnoreMixedContent><br \/>\n<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false<\/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText><br \/>\n<w:DoNotPromoteQF\/><br \/>\n<w:LidThemeOther>DE-CH<\/w:LidThemeOther><br 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First Indent\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Body Text First Indent 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Note Heading\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Body Text 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Body Text 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Body Text Indent 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Body Text Indent 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Block Text\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Hyperlink\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"FollowedHyperlink\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"22\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Strong\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"20\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Emphasis\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Document Map\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Plain Text\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"E-mail Signature\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Top of Form\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Bottom of Form\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Normal (Web)\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Acronym\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Address\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Cite\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Code\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Definition\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Keyboard\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Preformatted\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Sample\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Typewriter\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Variable\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Normal Table\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"annotation subject\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"No List\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Outline List 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Outline List 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Outline List 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Simple 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Simple 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Simple 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Classic 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Classic 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Classic 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Classic 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Colorful 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Colorful 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Colorful 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Columns 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Columns 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Columns 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Columns 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Columns 5\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Grid 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Grid 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Grid 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Grid 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Grid 5\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Grid 6\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Grid 7\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Grid 8\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table List 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table List 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table List 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table List 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table List 5\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table List 6\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table List 7\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table List 8\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table 3D effects 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table 3D effects 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table 3D effects 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Contemporary\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Elegant\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Professional\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Subtle 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Subtle 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Web 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Web 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Web 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Balloon Text\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"39\" Name=\"Table Grid\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Theme\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" Name=\"Placeholder Text\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"1\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"No Spacing\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List Accent 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" Name=\"Revision\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"34\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"List Paragraph\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"29\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Quote\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"30\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Intense Quote\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List Accent 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List Accent 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List Accent 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 5\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List Accent 5\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 5\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 5\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 5\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 5\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 5\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 5\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 5\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 5\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 5\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 5\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 5\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 5\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 6\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List Accent 6\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 6\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 6\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 6\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 6\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 6\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 6\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 6\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 6\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 6\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 6\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 6\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 6\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"19\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Subtle Emphasis\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"21\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Intense Emphasis\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"31\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Subtle Reference\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"32\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Intense Reference\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"33\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Book Title\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"37\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Bibliography\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"39\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"TOC Heading\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"41\" Name=\"Plain Table 1\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"42\" Name=\"Plain Table 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"43\" Name=\"Plain Table 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"44\" Name=\"Plain Table 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"45\" Name=\"Plain Table 5\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"40\" Name=\"Grid Table Light\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"46\" Name=\"Grid Table 1 Light\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"47\" Name=\"Grid Table 2\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"48\" Name=\"Grid Table 3\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"49\" Name=\"Grid Table 4\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"50\" Name=\"Grid Table 5 Dark\"\/><br \/>\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"51\" 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She has also done research on this as part of new kinship studies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ab85f2 elementor-section-full_width left right elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ab85f2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-42b636e\" data-id=\"42b636e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1fb519 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ee-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"f1fb519\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ee-breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"ee-breadcrumbs\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/BreadcrumbList\"><\/ul>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bd68e6d elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-full_width linkcolorblue elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bd68e6d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c60ff27\" data-id=\"c60ff27\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e58eec elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1e58eec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There are few rules of etiquette for communicating with non-human animals. 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